Iodes corniculata

Iodes corniculata

Reid et Chandler

Fossil group Plants
Order Icacinales
Family Icacinaceae
Genus Iodes
Taxonomic status Accepted
Geological age Ypresian

Summary

Iodes corniculata was an early Eocene member of a genus that still lives in tropical regions today. Its small fruit stone is broadly ovate and laterally compressed, with a relatively orderly ridge network enclosing around 15–20 shallow areoles. One of its most striking features is at the apex: the stylar region is flanked by a horn-like projection on each lateral face.

Internal anatomy strengthens the identification. The marginal vascular bundle is embedded within the endocarp wall and the seed cavity has a papillate lining, both characteristic of Iodes-type construction. Living Iodes are climbers, but the London Clay fossil is an isolated fruit organ, so the growth habit of the individual plant is inferred from living relatives rather than directly preserved. The combination of paired apical horns and a mostly closed ridge network makes this one of the more distinctive London Clay Iodes stones when complete.

Quick Identification

Look for: a small ovate-lenticular Iodes stone with about 15–20 shallow areoles and, most importantly, a pair of horn-like projections flanking the style at the apex. The marginal vascular bundle is embedded and the locule lining is papillate.

Diagnostic Features

  • Endocarp is broad-ovate in side view and lenticular in cross-section.
  • Surface contains about 15–20 shallow concave areoles separated by ridges, commonly tending toward longitudinal rows.
  • A distinct horn-like projection occurs on each lateral face beside the stylar region.
  • Marginal primary vascular bundle is embedded within the endocarp wall.
  • Locule lining is papillate; the ridge network has few freely ending ridgelets compared with Iodes bilinica.

Fossil Details

Typical size
About 8–9 mm long, 5.5–7 mm wide and roughly 4 mm thick.
Fossil material
Seed, Fruit
Preservation
The apical horns are fragile and may be broken away, which removes the quickest identification character. Abrasion can also flatten the ridges. Worn hornless specimens should be checked for the enclosed areole pattern and internal Iodes anatomy.

Similar Species

Recorded Fossil Sites

References

  • Eleanor Mary Reid; Marjorie Elizabeth Jane Chandler. (1933). The London Clay Flora. . British Museum (Natural History), London View reference
  • Gregory W. Stull; Neil F. Adams; Steven R. Manchester; Dan Sykes; Margaret E. Collinson. (2016). Revision of Icacinaceae from the Early Eocene London Clay flora based on X-ray micro-CT. Botany, 94(9), 713–745 View reference
  • Kathleen B. Pigg; Steven R. Manchester; Melanie L. DeVore. (2008). Fruits of Icacinaceae (Tribe Iodeae) from the Late Paleocene of western North America. American Journal of Botany, 95(7), 824–832 View reference
  • Margaret E. Collinson; Neil F. Adams; Steven R. Manchester; Gregory W. Stull; Fabiany Herrera; Selena Y. Smith; Mary J. Andrew; Paul Kenrick; Dan Sykes. (2016). X-ray micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) of pyrite-permineralized fruits and seeds from the London Clay Formation (Ypresian) conserved in silicone oil: a critical evaluation. Botany, 94(9), 697–711 View reference
Last Reviewed
26 August 2026 Reviewed by Sam Harris