Tinospora excavata
Tinospora excavata
Summary
Tinospora excavata was an early Eocene member of the moonseed family known from a robust, one-seeded fruit stone. Living Tinospora are climbing plants of tropical and subtropical regions, so a climbing habit is a reasonable comparison for the fossil species, although the London Clay material preserves the fruit rather than attached stems or leaves.
The endocarp formed a hard protective case around the seed and had a deeply boat-shaped form. Its surface carried fine tubercles, while a small opening on the ventral side led into the condyle region associated with the seed attachment. Modern work continues to recognise T. excavata as an important early record of this fruit type, although its exact position within the living Tinospora radiation remains uncertain.
Quick Identification
Look for: a deeply boat-shaped Tinospora fruit stone with fine surface tubercles, a small centrally placed ventral condyle opening and a distinctly swollen or bulging side; compare with the larger, more strongly spined Tinospora wilkinsonii.
Diagnostic Features
- Endocarp is deeply boat-shaped.
- External surface is covered by fine tubercles rather than broad pits and ridges.
- A small condyle aperture lies near the centre of the ventral face.
- One side of the endocarp is characteristically swollen or bulging.
- Endocarp wall shows two distinct fibrous zones, with finer criss-cross fibres internally.
Fossil Details
Similar Species
Recorded Fossil Sites
London Clay Formation
References
- Frédéric M. B. Jacques. (2009). Survey of the Menispermaceae endocarps. Adansonia, 31(1), 47–87 View reference
- Frédéric M. B. Jacques; Dario de Franceschi. (2005). Endocarps of Menispermaceae from Le Quesnoy outcrop (Sparnacian facies, Lower Eocene, Paris Basin). Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 135(1–2), 61–70 View reference
- Lian Lian; Rosa Del C. Ortiz; Florian Jabbour; Zhi-Duan Chen; Wei Wang. (2019). Re-delimitation of Tinospora (Menispermaceae): Implications for character evolution and historical biogeography. Taxon, 68(5), 905–917 View reference