Perforatocarpum echinatum

Perforatocarpum echinatum

(Chandler) Stull, Adams, Manchester et Collinson

Fossil group Plants
Order Icacinales
Family Icacinaceae
Genus Perforatocarpum
Taxonomic status Accepted
Geological age Ypresian

Summary

Perforatocarpum echinatum was an icacinaceous plant whose fruit contained a hard, strongly pitted endocarp. The surviving London Clay stone is pointed-obovate in side view and lenticular in cross-section. Its dense small pits are not merely surface decoration: they continue inward as channels associated with small projections into the seed cavity, giving the fruit wall a highly distinctive three-dimensional construction.

Micro-CT shows characters that place the fossil within the Phytocreneae branch of Icacinaceae, but its combination of pit structure, vascular anatomy and apical canals does not fit any known living or fossil genus closely enough. The 2016 revision therefore created Perforatocarpum for it. No leaves or stems are attached to the fruit, so the precise growth form is unknown; any comparison with the climbing habits common in living relatives is ecological inference rather than direct evidence.

Quick Identification

Look for: a small pointed-obovate endocarp with a sharply angled margin and a dense field of tiny irregular pits. Species-level confirmation is best with CT or a broken section showing pit-channels, inward projections and the distinctive subapical vascular/canal arrangement.

Diagnostic Features

  • Endocarp is pointed-obovate in lateral view and lenticular in transverse section.
  • Surface bears numerous closely spaced, irregular small pits.
  • The pits continue through the wall and correspond to small projections into the locule.
  • Marginal vascular bundle enters the locule close to the apex rather than remaining simply embedded along the full margin.
  • A pair of subapical channels occurs near the stylar canal, one on each lateral face.

Fossil Details

Typical size
Known complete dimensions are about 11.5 mm long, 7.5 mm wide and 5 mm thick.
Fossil material
Seed, Fruit
Preservation
The London Clay material is abraded and pyritised. Loss of the outer wall may expose pyrite-filled pit channels as projecting rods, which can reverse the apparent surface relief. Identification from an untreated outer surface alone is therefore risky.

Similar Species

Recorded Fossil Sites

No fossil-site occurrences have yet been recorded for this species.

References

  • Gregory W. Stull; Neil F. Adams; Steven R. Manchester; Dan Sykes; Margaret E. Collinson. (2016). Revision of Icacinaceae from the Early Eocene London Clay flora based on X-ray micro-CT. Botany, 94(9), 713–745 View reference
  • Margaret E. Collinson; Neil F. Adams; Steven R. Manchester; Gregory W. Stull; Fabiany Herrera; Selena Y. Smith; Mary J. Andrew; Paul Kenrick; Dan Sykes. (2016). X-ray micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) of pyrite-permineralized fruits and seeds from the London Clay Formation (Ypresian) conserved in silicone oil: a critical evaluation. Botany, 94(9), 697–711 View reference
  • Marjorie Elizabeth Jane Chandler. (1961). The Lower Tertiary Floras of Southern England. I. Palaeocene Floras. London Clay Flora (Supplement). . British Museum (Natural History), London View reference
Last Reviewed
26 August 2026 Reviewed by Sam Harris